International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga (IRJAY) is a monthly (12 issues per year ) online peer reviewed international Journal. It is an open access online journal. This journal provide platform for PG scholars teachers and researchers to publish their good & quality work in the field of Ayurveda, Yoga and Integrative medicine. IRJAY is developed for the researchers, scholars, scientists, post-docs and students who are seeking a platform for publishing their research work. This is the journal advised and developed by eminent and internationally renowned Ayurvedic professors, scientists and scholars. The journal aimed to publish high quality review articles, authentic research work,clinical trials and new innovative ideas. IRJAY confirms its adherence with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, including Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf) from ICMJE and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (joint statement by COPE, DOAJ, WAME, and OASPA; (http://doaj.org/bestpractice).
Virudh Ahara in Ayurveda: Insights into Its Role in Preventive Health Care
Background: Virudh Ahara (incompatible food combinations) represents a fundamental concept in Ayurveda, describing foods that disrupt physiological homeostasis. With rising lifestyle diseases, understanding Virudh Ahara has become increasingly relevant for preventive health care. Materials of Review: Classical Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya) and contemporary research from PubMed, Google Scholar, and AYUSH databases. Methods of Review: Systematic literature review using keywords “Virudh Ahara,” “incompatible foods,” “lifestyle diseases” for studies published 2000–2024. Type of Review: Narrative review combining classical knowledge with contemporary evidence. Results of Review: Analysis revealed Virudh Ahara contributes to lifestyle diseases through Agni dysfunction, Ama formation, and Dosha imbalance. Modern dietary habits align with classical incompatibility categories. Conclusion: Virudh Ahara provides a critical framework for understanding diet-related pathogenesis and serves as a valuable tool for preventive healthcare strategies.
Yoga Intervention for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and menstrual irregularities, which contribute to both metabolic and psychological challenges. Yoga therapy, as a holistic mind–body intervention, may provide benefits, although the evidence requires updating. This study aimed to assess the impact of yoga therapy on metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS through a systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar from January 2020 to May 2025 for RCTs on yoga for PCOS. Two reviewers screened the data, extracted the data, and assessed the risk of bias (RoB). Random-effects meta-analysis pooled outcomes and grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation was used to evaluate certainty. Results: Eight RCTs involving 632 participants were included (median n = 52; moderate RoB). Yoga reduced metabolic homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (mean difference [MD] −0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.05–−0.11; I2 = 0%; moderate certainty), fasting insulin (MD −15.2 pmol/L, 95% CI −25.4–−5.0; I2 = 15%), testosterone (MD −10.44 ng/dL, 95% CI −14.12–−6.76; I2=19%), and depression (MD −4.69, 95% CI −5.63–−3.76; I2 = 75%; low certainty). Menstrual regularity improved (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.10–1.92; I2 = 20%; moderate certainty). The effects on BMI and glucose levels were modest and uncertain. The subgroups showed greater benefits at ≥12 weeks/≥150 min/week. No adverse events. Conclusion: Yoga has demonstrated modest improvements in outcomes for individuals with PCOS, with moderate certainty regarding its metabolic and endocrine benefits. As a safe adjunctive therapy, it merits consideration for integration into patient care in the future. To confirm these findings over the long term, large multicenter RCTs with standardized protocols are required.
A Review of the Role of Aahara for Children’s Health and Well-being
Optimal nutrition during childhood is critical for growth, cognitive development, immunity, and overall well being. The first 1000 days – from conception to 2 years – represent a sensitive period where nutrient adequacy profoundly influences long-term health outcomes. Despite global efforts, malnutrition remains a major public health challenge, with millions of children affected by stunting, wasting, and underweight conditions. In India, childhood undernutrition continues to be a significant concern, underscoring the need for effective interventions. Ayurvedic principles emphasize an age-appropriate and balanced diet (Aahara) as central to child health. Classical texts, including the Kashyapa Samhita, recommend exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months, followed by the gradual introduction of complementary and solid foods tailored to the child’s constitution, digestive strength, and environmental factors. Proper nourishment supports body tissues (Dhatus), vital energy (Ojas), and Dosha balance, while preventing deficiencies and disease. This review integrates Ayurvedic dietary principles with contemporary nutritional guidelines, highlighting the role of parents, families, schools, and communities in promoting healthy eating behaviors. Ensuring balanced nutrition during childhood lays the foundation for lifelong physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being.
Unraveling Darunaka (Dandruff): A Survey-Based Insight into its Psychosocial Impact
Background: Dandruff, being a common condition with a global prevalence of 50% and a prevalence of 60.1% in South Asia, is not only an issue of physical symptoms. It influences the quality of life (QoL) of an individual suffering from it. Hence, to analyze the effect of this condition on the dermatological QoL of the affected person, this survey study has been conducted. This study incorporates the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) developed by the Department of Dermatology at Cardiff University, UK. Objectives: To assess the QoL of patients with dandruff and to perform a subclass analysis of the DLQI questionnaire. Methods: This quantitative, observational study was carried out in the Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga at the National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, from July 2024 until January 2025. Data were collected through a Google form using the validated English version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Results: A total of 301 patients participated in the study. It was observed that 3% of the participants had an extremely large effect, 15% had a very large effect, 29% had a moderate effect, 26% had a small effect, and 27% had no effect of dandruff on their QoL. The mean DLQI of the participants was seen to be 6.42, with a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 30. Among the six subclasses, it was seen that dandruff affected symptoms and feelings the most, followed by daily activities, then treatment, then personal relationships, then work and school, and finally leisure. Conclusion: Dandruff (Darunaka) significantly affects the QoL, particularly in domains related to symptoms, emotional well-being, and daily activities. This survey-based study using the DLQI highlights the need for holistic management approaches that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of the condition. Ayurvedic insights offer valuable frameworks for personalized care, and further research is recommended to explore integrative treatment strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elisha Bhusal, Vishnu Kumar Jajoriya, Ravi Kumar, Sunita Choudhary, Akshay Sharma (Author)
A Case Study on the Efficacy of Navaprasrutik Basti in the Management of Janu Sandhigata Vata (Knee Osteoarthritis)
The elderly is prone to the condition known as Sandhigata Vata (osteo arthritis). Some of the risk/cause factors include lifestyle choices, excessive weight, trauma, and a diet lacking in calcium. Vata is vitiated by Rooksha Aahar (dry diet) and Ativyaam (excessive exercise). It mostly affects the body’s weight-bearing joints, particularly the knee, hip, and lumbar spine. The most prevalent type of articular problems, Sandhigata Vata (osteo arthritis), severely restricts a sufferer’s ability to walk, dress, bathe, and do other daily tasks. The condition frequently manifests as Shula (pain), Shotha (swelling), Vata Poornadriti Sparsha (crackling sound), and trouble flexing and extending the Sandhi (joints). Calcium supplements, and ultimately joint replacement, are all alternatives for therapy. Here in this case study, a 41-year-old patient with Janu Sandhigata Vata (osteo arthritis) came with complaints of Right Knee joint pain, crackling sound in joints for 1.5 months. Due to long standing and straining, the patient had these symptoms. This indoor patient received 10 days of Anuvasana with Murchhita Tila Taila (medicated oil) and Navaprasrutik Basti (enema) and 10 days of Abhyanga (massage) at Nabhi (umbilicus), Parshva (flanks), Prushtha (back), and Ubhayapada Pradesh. The patient reacted favorably to these Ayurvedic therapies and had significant symptoms of alleviation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Garima Yadav, Gyanendra Singh, Shubham Gaurav, Deepak Yadav (Author)
An Introduction to Kriya Yoga: A Philosophico-Literary Review
This literature review presents an overview of Kriya Yoga and its significance in traditional and modern contexts. The content for this review has been extracted from the Puranas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Tantric texts, Vedanta literature, and classical Kriya Yoga writings, as well as a total of 14 books and one relevant PubMed-indexed article identified using various keywords. Kriya Yoga is an ancient psycho-spiritual discipline aimed at accelerating human growth by synchronizing the body, mind, and consciousness. Deeply rooted in the yogic tradition, its philosophical foundations are found across the classical scriptures, and Maharshi Patanjali and Mahavatar Babaji later systematized it, and more recently propagated worldwide by Paramahansa Yogananda. The practice integrates specific pranayama techniques, meditation, and ethical living, designed to purify the nervous system, regulate life energy (Prana), and awaken higher states of consciousness. Current interdisciplinary studies suggest that Kriya Yoga influences psychophysiological parameters such as autonomic balance, neuroplasticity, and emotional regulation. These effects are further associated with measurable changes in brain regions. From a philosophical perspective, Kriya Yoga resonates with the non-dual vision of awareness, wherein the practitioner transcends egoic identification and realizes unity with the Self. Thus, Kriya Yoga represents not merely a set of techniques but a holistic path that combines spirituality, psychology, and subtle physiology, bridging ancient wisdom. The evidence indicates that Kriya Yoga, when practiced regularly with concentration, dedication, and patience, enhances both physical and mental well being. Moreover, it inspires practitioners to transcend the ego and move toward a state of expanded consciousness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kanchan Kumari, Avichal Verma (Author)
Physiological Aspect of Agni W.S.R. to its Role in Metabolism
Introduction: Agni in Ayurveda is a deeply significant concept, often referred to as digestive fire, or biological fire, and it plays a central role in the body’s overall health, wellness, and balance. It is a key component of our body’s digestion and metabolism. Agni is responsible for the digestion, absorption, and assimilation of food, which is necessary for life maintenance. Materials and Methods: The study methods include exploration of Agni-related literary review from classical Ayurvedic texts, research articles, and journals such as Google Scholar and Research Gate. Result: The coordinated function of Jatharagni, Bhutagni, and Dhatvagni ensures the proper transformation of food into energy and tissue elements. This study identifies Agni as the central regulatory force of digestion, metabolism, and overall physiological balance. Balanced Agni maintains systemic equilibrium and overall health, whereas its impairment leads to Ama formation and metabolic imbalance, corresponding to disrupted metabolic functions described in modern physiology. Discussion: Agni plays a crucial role in transforming food components of various origins into a homologous nature, to turn digested food into energy. According to the functions and site of action, Agni has been divided into 13 types, i.e., one Jatharagni, five Bhutagni, and seven Dhatvagni. Jatharagni is the most important one, which digests four types of food and transforms them into Rasa and Mala. The discernment of Agni ultimately determines which materials enter our cells and tissues and which should be eliminated as waste. Hence, understanding of Agni is one of the important concepts for the understanding of its modern interpretations on metabolism. +Conclusion: Agni is in charge of absorbing nutrient-dense substances; it is essential for converting food into energy and controls internal metabolic processes. The result is the body being nourished, which improves its complexion, nutritional strength, and overall well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaiswar Preeti, Sarika Yadav, L A W J Chathurika (Author)
A Review of Lekhana Basti in the Management of Sthoulya (Obesity)
Introduction: Sthoulya, or obesity, is a major metabolic disorder in Ayurveda, primarily resulting from the stagnation of Meda Dhatu (fat tissue) and the impairment of Agni (digestive and metabolic fire), compounded by the vitiation of Kapha and the subsequent obstruction-induced aggravation of Vata Dosha. This condition is categorized under Santarpana-uttha Vyadhi (diseases of over-nourishment), mandating Apatarpana (reduction) therapy. Ayurveda provides a variety of therapeutic techniques, with Panchakarma being a significant treatment modality. Lekhan Basti, a Panchakarma treatment that involves medicated enemas, has shown substantial potential in the management of obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic diseases, particularly those caused by excess Kapha and Medodhatu. Materials and Methods: According to Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Sharangdhara, Lekhan Basti has Triphala Kwatha, Gomutra, Madhu, Yavakshara, and Ushakadi Gana. Kapha Shamaka, Deepana, Tiksna, and Agni Deepana are among the components with known medicinal potential. The process involves the use of an alkaline formulation due to components such as Gomutra and Yavakshara, which promote quick absorption and improve gut flora. Results: Lekhan Basti has a wide range of therapeutic effects, including correcting metabolic imbalances and reducing excess Kapha and Medodhatu. It has been believed to include qualities such as Vata-Kapha Shamaka, Deepana, Pachana, Lekhana, Karshana, and Srotoshodhaka, which aid in fat loss, digestive fire, and detoxification. Discussion: Lekhan Basti is an excellent Samshodhana treatment for Sthoulya. It is a potential strategy to enhance general metabolic health since it balances Kapha and reduces excess Medodhatu. Its detoxifying qualities, together with its effect on gut flora, make it an essential treatment for metabolic diseases. Conclusion: Lekhana Basti is effective as a Samshodhana (cleaning) therapy for metabolic illnesses caused by high Kapha and Medodhatu, including Sthoulya (obesity), dyslipidemia, PCOS, and other lifestyle diseases.
A review article on the role of Kusthadi Lepa in Ek-Kustha (Psoriasis)
All skin disease comes under the umbrella of Kustha Roga. Ek-Kustha is one among the Kshudra Kustha with the dominancy of Vata and Kapha Doshas. It is characterized by symptoms of Aswedanam, Mahavastu, and Matsyashakalopam. It resembles Psoriasis, which is an autoimmune and chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythematous plaques and silvery scales predominantly affecting the skin of the elbow, scalp, and knees. Currently, the modern medical science treats psoriasis with synthetic drugs, i.e., methotrexate, Psoralen ultraviolet light A, Vitamin D3 lotion, and steroid creams. Hence, there is a need for a treatment having safe and has good efficacy. Acharya Charak mentioned that the treatment of Ek-Kustha by external medications, i.e., Takradhara, Lepa, Udhavartan, Pradeha, etc., are effective in Ek-Kustha. Therefore, in this article, an attempt was made to aim the role of Kusthadi Lepam in Ek-Kustha (Psoriasis).
The Anushastra in Shalya Tantra: Clinical Usage
Anushastra refers to a category of parasurgical procedures. These operations differ from major surgeries, particularly for patients who are sensitive to shastra karma. The objective is to investigate traditional parasurgical techniques used across various conditions, alongside surgical methods. The present theoretical study examines the application of parasurgical techniques found in contemporary literature, known as Anushastra. This article outlines the approaches for executing three key parasurgical procedures. The various types of Anushastra hold significant relevance in the classical texts of Ayurveda and continue to be employed in treatments for various health issues. Specific anorectal conditions are suitable for shastra interventions, involving the application of energy to treat different ailments. Two techniques are described: shastrakrita siravedha and prachana methods for ajashakrit, danta, shalaka (samples), and ghrita Raktamokshana. In addition, ghati and ashastrakrita techniques are also included – Anushastra is becoming more recognized in the management of chronic illnesses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suman Kumari Damor, Namo Narayan Meena, Rajesh Kumar Soni (Author)
Ayurvedic Perspectives on the Management of Skin Diseases – A Review
Numerous factors can contribute to skin issues, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, and genetics. Kushtha, a sickness marked by skin derangement, is the umbrella term used by Ayurveda to describe skin problems. When considering the incidence of various diseases, skin disorders account for more than 20% of all medical visits worldwide each year. Depending on the severity of the symptoms and the prognosis, all Acharyas classify Kushtha as either Maha Kushtha or Kshudra Kushtha. The Ayurvedic medical system describes a wide range of etiological variables and illness management techniques. When Tridosha, Twak, Rakta, Mamsa, and Lasika are vitiated, Kushtha results. Therefore, Dosha and Dushya’s involvement is the foundation of Kushtha’s management. The basic idea of treatment is the same for all types of Kushtha, even though some treatment approaches are condition specific. Acharya has highlighted the need for Raktamokshana to eject Dushita Rakta, the primary Dushya in the pathology of Kushtha, and Shodhana (detoxification) therapy to remove the morbid Dosha from the body. Both internal and external drugs, such as Rasa Aushadhi, Churna, Kwath, Asav, Arishta, Guggulu, Ghrita, and Malhara, Tail, Lepa, are part of the Shamana (palliative) therapy. In Ayurveda, dietary control, Dincharya, Ritucharya, Rasayana treatment, and Sadvritta are all highly valued for maintaining good health and preventing illness. To create Ayurvedic-based guidelines for the treatment of skin conditions, it is necessary to examine this holistic perspective of detoxification, palliative care, and lifestyle change.
Ayurveda View of Marma Sharira – A Conceptual Study
Marma, an Ayurvedic concept, offers a distinctive and comprehensive view of human anatomy. Marma is regarded as the seats of Prana (life force) and is defined as the critical areas where Mamsa (muscle), Sira (blood vessels), Snayu (ligaments/tendons), Asthi (bones), and Sandhi (joints) connect. One hundred and seven Marmas are described in ancient books, especially the Sushruta Samhita, and are categorized according to their dimensions, structure, and the therapeutic impact of their injuries. These critical areas were crucial for prognosis, martial arts, warfare, and trauma assessment in addition to surgery. Damage to Marmas may result in deformity, discomfort, incapacity, or even death. Researchers have connected Marmas to contemporary musculoskeletal and neurovascular structures in recent decades, connecting Ayurveda with contemporary medical sciences. In addition, Marma Chikitsa’s therapeutic use is becoming more and more relevant in integrative medicine, especially in the areas of pain relief, rehabilitation, and overall wellness. This review examines Marma Sharira’s Ayurvedic roots, anatomical relationships, therapeutic value, and incorporation into contemporary anatomy and medicine.
Yoga and the Gut-Brain Axis: A Systematic Review of its Impact on Mental Health and the Gut Microbiome
Background: The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a complex, bidirectional communication network that connects the emotional and cognitive centers of the central nervous system with peripheral intestinal functions. This intricate system, which includes the enteric nervous system, the vagus nerve, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, is profoundly influenced by the gut microbiome. Dysregulation of the GBA and a resulting microbial imbalance, or dysbiosis, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both gastrointestinal disorders and mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression. Yoga, an ancient mind-body practice, is increasingly being explored as a non-pharmacological therapeutic intervention for stress-related illnesses. Objectives: The objective of this report is to conduct a narrative synthesis of the available evidence to explore the impact of yoga on mental health and the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on the mediating role of the GBA. A secondary objective is to contextualize these modern scientific findings within the framework of classical Ayurvedic principles, which have long posited a fundamental connection between the mind and digestive health. Methods: This review is a structured narrative synthesis based on a curated set of research materials, not a de novo systematic review. The methodology for reporting aligns with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement to ensure transparency and reproducibility. The analysis draws from a diverse body of literature, including systematic reviews, pilot studies, and classical Ayurvedic texts. Key data points and thematic elements related to GBA physiology, yoga’s effects on mental health, its influence on the gut microbiome, and the ancient Ayurvedic mind-body link were extracted and synthesized to form a cohesive narrative. Results: The synthesized evidence indicates that yoga practice modulates the GBA by influencing several key pathways. Physiologically, it promotes a shift from the sympathetic “fight-or-flight” response to the parasympathetic “rest-and-digest” state, mediated by the vagus nerve. This process is associated with a significant reduction in stress hormones, such as cortisol. Preliminary human studies suggest that yoga and meditation can directly alter the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to an enrichment of beneficial bacterial genera, such as Megamonas and Faecalibacterium, which have been linked to improved mental and physical health. The classical Ayurvedic concepts of Agni (digestive fire) and Manas (mind) provide a compelling conceptual parallel, with ancient texts describing how mental distress can directly disrupt digestion. Conclusion: The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that yoga can serve as a beneficial adjunctive therapy for mental health conditions by positively influencing the gut microbiome and GBA. The striking congruence between modern neuroscientific findings and the ancient Ayurvedic understanding of the mind-body connection underscores the potential for a holistic, integrated paradigm for understanding and promoting wellness.
The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Amavata: An Ayurvedic and Modern Perspective
Amavata is a disorder characterized by the simultaneous vitiation of Ama (undigested toxic metabolic by-products) and Vata, which closely resembles rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in modern medicine. The disease manifests with pain, stiffness, swelling of joints, impaired mobility, and systemic features of inflammation. Contemporary research has increasingly highlighted the pivotal role of gut microbiota (GM) in immune modulation and the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions, such as RA. This convergence opens a promising interface between classical Ayurvedic concepts and modern biomedical insights. From an Ayurvedic standpoint, deranged Agni (digestive fire) leads to the formation of Ama, which circulates through Srothas and accumulates in joints, triggering inflammation under the influence of vitiated Vata. Modern studies suggest that dysbiosis of GM contributes to increased intestinal permeability, altered immune tolerance, and systemic inflammation, which parallels the Ayurvedic description of Ama entering systemic circulation. Moreover, specific bacterial strains have been linked with RA pathogenesis, further strengthening the connection between gut health and joint disorders. Thus, the interplay between GM and Amavata illustrates a profound convergence of traditional Ayurvedic wisdom and modern biomedical science. Understanding this relationship offers novel integrative strategies for prevention and management, emphasizing the centrality of gut health in systemic well-being.
Yoga Interventions for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis - A Scoping Review
Background: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a debilitating multisystem disorder characterized by persistent fatigue, post-exertional malaise, cognitive impairment, and pain, while also imposing significant socioeconomic burdens. Present treatments are limited, leading to the exploration of complementary therapies, such as yoga, which may affect autonomic function, inflammation, and mental health. This study aimed to map the existing literature on yoga interventions for CFS/ME and identify study designs, interventions, outcomes, and evidence gaps. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from their inception to April 2025 for studies on adults with CFS/ME using yoga. The inclusion criteria encompassed any design that evaluated the effects of yoga on fatigue and its related outcomes. Data were extracted on design, participants, interventions, outcomes, and findings, with the results synthesized narratively and charted. Results: Six primary studies, primarily from a Japanese group, were included. The interventions focused on adapted isometric yoga (sitting/recumbent, 2–3 months, biweekly sessions plus home practice). In some cases, fatigue was consistently reduced with improvements in vigor, pain, depression, autonomic function, and biomarkers (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α). Adverse events were minor and transient. To date, no qualitative or large-scale studies have been conducted. Conclusions: Adapted isometric yoga shows promise in reducing fatigue in CFS/ME; however, evidence is limited by small samples, single-group designs, and short follow-ups. Larger multicenter randomized controlled studies with standardized protocols and biomarkers are needed to confirm the efficacy and guide its clinical use.
Jeevaniya Mahakashaya: Ayurvedic and Pharmacological Insights – A Review
In Introduction: Jeevaniya Mahakashaya is one of the 10 classical groupings of herbs described by Acharya Charaka in the Charaka Samhita. This formulation includes ten medicinal plants – Jeevaka, Rishabhaka, Meda, Mahameda, Kakoli, Ksheerakakoli, Mudgaparni, Mashaparni, Jeevanti, and Madhuka, known for their rejuvenative, life promoting, and tissue-nourishing properties. Traditionally, these herbs have been integral to Rasayana Chikitsa (rejuvenation therapy) in Ayurveda, with indications in chronic illness, convalescence, and degenerative disorders. Their therapeutic effects are attributed to the enhancement of Ojas (vital essence), promotion of longevity, and improvement of physical and mental vitality. Aims and Objective: This review aims to bridge classical Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific insights by analyzing the pharmacological actions and therapeutic potential of the Jeevaniya Mahakashaya group. It seeks to evaluate their individual and synergistic effects to promote holistic health, especially in the areas of immunity, geriatrics, and tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of Ayurvedic classical texts and contemporary scientific literature was undertaken. The focus was on identifying the mechanisms of action, including nourishment of Rasa and Mamsa Dhatus, enhancement of Shukra Dhatu, immune modulation, reduction of oxidative stress, and promotion of tissue regeneration. Key pharmacological activities such as adaptogenic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties were evaluated through modern pharmacological studies. Discussion: Jeevaniya Mahakashaya consists of a group of ten herbs that have been acknowledged in Ayurveda for their profound life-promoting, rejuvenative, and nourishing properties. Conclusion: The therapeutic principles of Balya (strengthening), Brihana (nourishing), and Rasayana (rejuvenating) associated with Jeevaniya Mahakashaya find strong support in contemporary research. These herbs demonstrate promising potential for integration into holistic and integrative healthcare approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prachi Brahma, Yogesh Kumar Pandey, Paikra Vasundhara, Anjali (Author)
Integration of Ayurvedic Knowledge in School Education: A Study from Varanasi
Background: This study investigates the integration of Ayurvedic knowledge in school education by analyzing the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks (Classes 6–12) and assessing awareness among senior secondary students in Varanasi city. Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the representation of Ayurveda in NCERT textbooks and to measure students’ awareness and understanding of Ayurvedic concepts across different demographic variables such as gender and school type. Methodology: Employing a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 847 students across government and private schools. The NCERT textbooks were systematically reviewed for content related to health, hygiene, diet, yoga, and traditional medicine. Results: The findings revealed that while most students possessed a moderate level of awareness regarding Ayurveda, only a limited proportion demonstrated high knowledge. Female students and those from private schools exhibited significantly higher awareness levels. Chi-square analysis confirmed statistically significant associations between awareness, gender, and school type. Conclusion: The study highlights a notable gap between curricular representation and actual student awareness, underscoring the need for structured, experiential, and equitable integration of Ayurvedic concepts in school education. Recommendations: Curriculum enhancement, experiential learning initiatives, teacher capacity building, and alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 are recommended. The findings provide meaningful insights for policymakers, educators, and curriculum developers to promote the effective inclusion of Indian Knowledge Systems in contemporary education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gauri Hanspal, P K Goswami (Author)
Exploring the Sub-pillars of Life: Trayopastambha with Special Reference To Nidra
There has been an unpredictable variation in Trayopstambha: Ahara, Nidra, and Brahmacharya/Abrahmacharya in the modern world as a result of increased urbanization and civilizational advancement, leading to many ailments. Understanding this altered style of life requires an understanding of the Trayopsatambha concept, which aids in leading a healthy existence. The fundamental tool that all people possess to safeguard their destined lives is the Trayopsatambha. Through its close relationship with the three Stambhas of life, it preserves the Swasthya and protects the Ayu. Among all the Upastambhas, Nidra holds a particularly significant role, as it not only supports overall health but also influences the other two – Ahara and Brahmacharya. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of Nidra, including its definition, physiology, classification, and significance, is essential. Such insight can greatly enhance our appreciation of its vital role in maintaining balance and well-being in daily life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Priya Singh, S S Yadav (Author)
Enlisting Manuscripts and Ancient Texts Related to Ayurveda Available in Nepal
Introduction: Manuscripts are handwritten documents that preserve the rich heritage of the country. Nepal has a rich collection of manuscripts in both public and private collections. They are mainly stored in the National Archive, Kaiser Library, and Asa Library and have been digitized with the help of the German government. The manuscripts related to Ayurveda have hardly been explored, with only a few manuscripts edited and published. This research work enlists the manuscripts stored in Nepal and makes an attempt to group them into various branches of Ayurveda. Methods: The details of the manuscripts available in Nepal in the National Archive, Government of Nepal, various libraries and in personal possessions were recorded according to the manuscript detail form of the National Mission for Manuscripts, Government of India. Result and Conclusion: They were then analyzed based on language, script, materials, and subject or branches of Ayurveda. During the study, a total of 2324 manuscripts were studied and they were written in seven different languages, eleven different scripts, in eight different materials and were related to eighteen different branches of subjects of Ayurveda. These manuscripts need to be explored to enhance our understanding of Ayurveda.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhishek Tamrakar, Vasudev Upadhyaya, Santosh Kumar Thakur (Author)
Surgical Excision of Subungual Glomus Tumor with Ayurvedic Correlation to Shatroga: A Case Report
Glomus tumors are rare, benign neoplasms arising from the glomus body, most commonly affecting the subungual region of the fingers. Although its etiology remains largely unknown, several hypotheses have been made to explain the etiopathogenesis and cause of pain. They present with a characteristic triad of severe pain, pinpoint tenderness, and cold sensitivity. Due to their small size and nonspecific symptoms, these tumors are often misdiagnosed. When assessing a patient with severe pain localized to the fingertip, clinicians must maintain a broad differential diagnosis that encompasses other painful neoplasms, including leiomyoma, eccrine spiradenoma, hemangioma, neuroma, osteochondroma, and mucous cyst. On the basis of these features, Acharya sushruta and Ashtanga hridaya have maintained SHATROGA. The features of a glomus tumor resemble the features of Shatroga. This case report highlights a patient with a subungual glomus tumor, emphasizing the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, surgical management, and prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaswant Singh, Srishty Sharma (Author)
The Ethical–Legal Dimensions and Doctor–Patient Dynamics in Kayachikitsa - A Comprehensive Review
Background: Ayurveda, one of the world’s oldest medical systems, places a strong emphasis on the moral and ethical responsibilities of the physician. Kayachikitsa, the internal medicine branch of Ayurveda, is particularly grounded in principles of compassion, truthfulness, confidentiality, and patient-centered care as articulated in classical texts, such as the Charaka Samhita. In contemporary practice, however, Ayurvedic physicians operate within a complex legal and regulatory framework that includes licensure requirements, consumer protection laws, malpractice liability, and emerging issues in integrative medicine. These shifts necessitate a deeper understanding of how ancient ethical ideals intersect with modern medico-legal realities. Aim: This review critically examines the ethical–legal dimensions of Ayurvedic practice with a focus on Kayachikitsa, while exploring the evolving dynamics of the doctor–patient relationship in the context of both classical traditions and modern healthcare systems. Materials and Methods: A narrative review methodology was adopted, drawing on primary Ayurvedic texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya), secondary literature on bioethics and medical law, and present medico-legal frameworks, including NCISM regulations, the Consumer Protection Act, and AYUSH guidelines. Additional sources included peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and AYUSH Research Portal. A thematic analysis was undertaken to identify convergences and divergences between traditional ethical principles and modern bioethical/legal standards. Results and Discussion: The findings demonstrate significant overlap between classical Ayurvedic values and modern bioethical principles, such as beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for dignity. However, tensions exist between the traditional paternalistic model of the physician and modern expectations of informed consent and patient autonomy. Legally, Ayurvedic practitioners are increasingly accountable for negligence, documentation, and adherence to statutory guidelines. The doctor–patient relationship, once rooted in reverence and trust, now requires balancing empathy with transparency, professionalism, and legal compliance. Conclusion: Kayachikitsa offers a timeless ethical framework that can enrich modern medical ethics, provided it is adapted to contemporary medico-legal demands. Strengthening this synthesis through education, policy reform, and trust-centered practice will help preserve Ayurveda’s classical ethos while ensuring accountability and patient safety in the modern era.
National Commission for Indian System of Medicine
Copyright (c) 2025 Thanugula Shivaprasad Sharma (Author)
Clinical Efficacy of Yoga Practices in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Insights from a Single-arm Pilot Trial
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among reproductive-age women, characterized by hormonal, metabolic, and psychological disturbances. Conventional therapies predominantly provide symptomatic relief but often fail to address the multifactorial nature of the condition. This single-arm, 12-week pilot trial investigated the impact of a structured yoga program on clinical, hormonal, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS. The study was conducted at the Yoga and Shatkarma Department, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, and included 49 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria. Participants underwent a yoga intervention comprising specific asanas (Baddha Konasana, Bhujangasana, and Naukasana), pranayama techniques (Anulom Vilom, Bhramari, and Kapalbhati), and relaxation practices. Primary outcomes included menstrual cycle regularity, hormonal profiles (testosterone, luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]), and metabolic indicators (body mass index [BMI], waist-to-hip ratio, insulin sensitivity). Secondary outcomes assessed psychological well-being, including stress and anxiety. Statistical analyses were performed using unpaired t-tests and receiver operating characteristic curve evaluation. Following the intervention, participants demonstrated improvements in menstrual regularity, acne, and hirsutism. Significant reductions in testosterone levels and normalization of the LH/FSH ratio were observed. Metabolic outcomes showed improved insulin sensitivity, reduced BMI, and better weight control. Psychological measures indicated reductions in stress and anxiety scores. These results suggest that yoga may provide multidimensional benefits in PCOS management, targeting endocrine, metabolic, and psychological domains. While the findings highlight yoga as a safe, cost-effective, and holistic intervention, further randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are warranted to establish causal effects and long-term efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shalini Singh, Vedpriya Arya, Rajesh Kumar Mishra, Satyendra Kumar Rajput (Author)
Ayurvedic Management of Mandal Kustha (Guttate Psoriasis) – A Case Report
Guttate psoriasis, affecting 0.5–2% of children, presents with sudden-onset, drop-shaped, scaly lesions often following streptococcal infection. It may resolve spontaneously or progress to chronic Guttate psoriasis. Early treatment may help prevent chronic progression and recurrence. Guttate psoriasis is a dermatological condition characterized by small, drop-like lesions (0.5–1.5 cm in diameter) primarily affecting the upper trunk and limbs, commonly seen in young adults. In Ayurveda, this condition correlates with Mandal Kushta, a type of Maha Kushta
Copyright (c) 2025 Sangeeta Swavat, C R Yadav, Bhanu Pratap Singh, Soali Rawat (Author)
Ayurvedic Management of Karnashoola W.S.R. to Otalgia – A Single Case Study
Karnashoola is a traditional Ayurvedic term that corresponds to the modern medical diagnosis of otalgia, characterized by ear pain that can result from various doshic imbalances, particularly involving Vata and Kapha. It is a common issue in clinical settings and can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life due to ongoing pain, discomfort, discharge, and reduced hearing ability. While contemporary medicine typically uses antibiotics, pain relievers, and surgical methods for complex cases, Ayurveda offers a holistic, non-invasive, and personalized approach to treatment. This case study details the effective Ayurvedic management of a 28-year-old male diagnosed with Vata Kaphaja Karnashoola, utilizing the internal administration of Panchatiktaghrita Guggulu and the local application of Vachalasunadi Taila in a karna pichu format. The treatment adhered to principles aimed at balancing doshas, cleansing the channels, and alleviating pain. Significant symptom relief was noted within a few days, culminating in complete recovery by the 15th day. This study highlights the efficacy of traditional Ayurvedic methods for treating ear pain without side effects or recurrence. It adds to the growing body of evidence that supports an integrative approach to managing ENT disorders through Ayurveda and emphasizes the need for further extensive clinical validation.
Standardization of Khadradi Yoga Churna, Mentioned in Sahasra Yogam with Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis
Standardization of the herbal preparation is the process of standardizing the quality, consistency, and efficacy of products, aiming to evaluate their therapeutic properties. Analyzing the composition of herbal formulations is crucial for evaluating the quality, purity, safety, and effectiveness of drugs, as determined by the levels of their active ingredients. The current study aimed to establish a comprehensive pharmaceutical and analytical profile of the Ayurvedic poly-herbal Khadiradi Yoga churna, as described in Sahasra Yogam which contain 05 herbal ingredients. Raw material identification done and preparation of medicine was done according to authentic text. Organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis, Chromatographic tests, Heavy metal test, Microbial test were conducted according to Ayurveda Pharmacopeia of India (API) guidelines. Under quality and pharmacological significance, organoleptic evaluation showed traditional sensory attributes (color, odor, and taste). And under physicochemical key parameters; pH, moisture content, and total ash counts, extractive values tests were conducted and results align with API standards. glycosides, saponins, and phenolic compounds were identified as dominant compounds of the final product. TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting confirmed the presence of the main 06 ingredients, validating traditional composition. Absence of pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, comply with international standards and reflecting adherence to GMP. A critical safety concern was identified in heavy metal tests, regarding mercury contamination (Hg) 3.4 mg/kg) which is exceeding API acceptance limits (≤1mg/kg). Based on final results, while the Khadiradi yoga churna demonstrates and fulfil excellent phytochemical and microbial quality parameters, Hg contamination overshadows its therapeutic potential. Further market analysis for ingredients, environmental contamination analyses or analysis of manufacturing procedures should be conducted to identify root cause for high mercury contamination.
Khadiradi yoga, Standardization, Herbal, Ayurveda
Copyright (c) 2025 SMPPS Kumara, NDN Jayawardhane, HSV Jayasuriya, PKD Chathurika (Author)
Effects of Yoga in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms that diminish the quality of life (QoL). While pharmacological interventions target dopamine deficiencies, they often fail to address non-motor symptoms such as anxiety and depression. Yoga, a mind– body practice that includes posture, breathing techniques, and meditation, has gained recognition as a promising complementary therapy. This systematic review synthesized randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the impact of yoga on motor and non-motor symptoms, QoL, and safety in PD patients. Methods: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science for RCTs published between January 2020 and April 2025. The inclusion criteria were adult participants with idiopathic PD, yoga as the primary intervention, and comparisons with active or passive control groups. The outcomes assessed included motor function, non-motor symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression), QoL, and adverse events. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and evidence certainty was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: Seven RCTs, involving 475 participants with mild-to-moderate PD, analyzed hatha or mindfulness yoga interventions over 6–12 weeks. The findings showed that yoga significantly improved motor symptoms with moderate to-large effect sizes. Studies have reported improvements in balance, although the gait effects were inconsistent. For non-motor outcomes, anxiety, and depression showed moderate reductions, while QoL improvements lasted for 6 months. Evidence indicates improvements in biomarkers such as interleukin-6. Yoga was safe with no serious adverse events. Evidence certainty was moderate for motor and non-motor outcomes. Conclusion: Yoga is a safe and feasible adjunct for PD, offering benefits for motor function, mood, and QoL. Larger, standardized RCTs with longer follow-up periods are needed to confirm and optimize protocols.
Role of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama in Lung Function Improvement
Pranayama, is a traditional yogic breathing method that improves respiratory functioning and balances energy. Although Pranayama has been shown to offer potential therapeutic advantages in several studies, there is little study on how it affects healthy people. The effects of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on pulmonary functions in healthy volunteers are amplified in this case series. Objectives: Using metrics such as oxygen saturation (SpO2) level in healthy individuals, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC to evaluate the impact of Nadi Shodhana Pranayama on pulmonary functions. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 healthy volunteers were instructed to practice Nadi Shodhana Pranayama 30 times daily over 45 days. Spirometry was used to measure pulmonary function both before and after the operation. Subjective sensations with breathing and general sensations were also recorded. Results: Following the intervention, all individuals’ pulmonary function improved. Significant increases in FVC, FEV1, and SpO2 levels suggested greater air flow, increased oxygen absorption, improved lung capacity, and a more effective respiratory system. Conclusion: Nadi Shodhana Pranayama appears to significantly improve pulmonary function in healthy volunteers, according to the findings. It has the potential to improve health and well-being if it is incorporated into a daily routine. Although the results are encouraging, it is recommended that large-scale studies and randomized controlled trials be conducted to investigate its potential long-term benefits in a variety of populations.
Development of Research-based Yoga Module for Bronchial Asthma
Asthma is a common, paroxysmal, and reversible respiratory disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. It is necessary to find a healthy and feasible method/technique to manage the disorder in every age group and levels of asthma. Yoga is a holistic therapy as it is a combination of ᾱsanas, pranᾱyᾱma, mudra, and dhyᾱna. It works on excellence of every aspect of life, being physical, mental, social or spiritual. It helps in creating balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, as research shows. A research review has been planned using a PICO search strategy to explore the effect of Yogᾱ on asthma and to develop a research-based yoga module to help patient get rid of the disorder and manage their symptoms. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for the search strategy from the year 2010 to 2022, population aged between 10 and 60 years, and yoga as the primary intervention having randomized controlled trial as the research methodology. The four-step analysis process was applied to the filtration of the researched articles. 09 articles were found eligible for review. These studies showed a positive link between yoga and asthma. The major findings imply that yoga has a significant positive impact on pulmonary functions and the quality of life of asthma patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aditi Sarda (Author)
A Narrative Review on the Anti-inflammatory Potential of Mamsyadi Yoga: Bridging Ayurveda and Modern Pharmacology
Background: There is a scarcity of Agada Yogas in the market which requires scientific exploration. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study are to understand Shotha and inflammation and to study the probable efficacy of Mamsyadi Yoga in Shotha condition. Materials and Methods: The pharmacodynamic properties of plants were taken from Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India and anti-inflammatory studies were taken from the past 10 years through Google Scholar and PubMed. Discussion: The Mamsyadi Yoga is composed of 10 ingredients and each ingredients possess anti-inflammatory properties individually. As per Ayurveda also, the formulation was found to be dominant in Tikta Rasa, Laghu Guna, Ushna Veerya, and Katu Vipaka. Inflammation is the most common biological response when the body is exposed to microorganisms or toxic compound, or unwanted responses and is ultimately involved in the pathology of diseases initially. Conclusion: Mamsyadi Yoga can be a useful Agada used in treating anti-inflammatory activities and implicating the principles of Agada in modern-day Visha.
Copyright (c) 2025 Poonam Rani, Tanvi Gusain (Author)
Healing Roots: An Ayurvedic Approach to Disease Management in Charmadal – A Case Study
Charmadal is classified under Kshudra Kushtha in Ayurvedic texts and is characterized by Raga, Kandu, Pidaka, Ruja, Tvacha chhidra, and Sparsha Asahyata. The clinical presentation of Dyshidrotic Eczema shows a striking resemblance to Charmadal as described in the Samhitas. According to Charaka Samhita, Charmadal is one of the types of Kshudra Kushtha (minor skin disorders). It is predominantly a Pitta-Kapha dosha condition. Modern medical management offers only temporary relief with topical corticosteroids, which are palliative in nature. However, Ayurvedic Chikitsa Sutra for Charmadal includes both Shodhana (purificatory therapies) and Shamana (palliative treatment), as detailed in the classical texts. The administration of appropriate Shamana Aushadhis (oral Ayurvedic medicines) led to significant symptomatic relief, reduction in lesion severity, and notable enhancement in the patient’s overall Jeevana Guna (quality of life. At the National Institute of Ayurveda in Jaipur, a 29-year-old woman came to the Kriya Sharir outpatient department complaining of reddish-blackish skin lesions on her arms, legs, face, abdomen, and neck area. She also complained of intense itching, burning, watery discharge, and blood leaking from the lesions after scratching for 3 years. The patient’s symptoms were completely eliminated after a 3-month course of treatment that included both external and internal Ayurvedic drugs. The results of this case study demonstrate that Ayurvedic medications can effectively treat this illness with no discernible adverse effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kalpana Sahu, C R Yadav, Rashmi Prakash Gurao (Author)